Gender specific association between body composition and early puberty among adolescent / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the association between the content and distribution of body fat and early puberty among children and adolescents, and to provide a basis for the study of the mechanism of early puberty.@*Methods@#The questionnaire survey and physical examination were conducted among the students from 2 primary schools with girlsof 3 rd-4 th grade and boys of 4 th-5 th grade and boys and girls in 7 th-8 th grade from 2 middle schools with by purposive sampling in Beijing in early January 2016. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the general information of samples. Logistic regression analyses were used to test the effects of body composition on the early puberty.@*Results@#A total of 1 527 students were included, of which 177 were early puberty and the prevalence of early puberty was 11.6%. The prevalence was 12.2% for girls and 11.0% for boys. The average value of the three skinfold thicknesses of the participants was 15.2±4.8 mm (triceps skinfold), 13.4±6.3 mm (subscapular skinfold), 14.6±6.6 mm (suprailiac skinfold), the average value of the body fat was 22.2 ± 6.2 kg, and the average value of the total fat weight was 11.2 ± 6.2 kg. After adjusting for age, single-child, family economic level and parental education level, multivariate logistic regression showed that girls with high triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold and suprailiac skinfold were more likely to be early puberty (for triceps skinfold: OR=2.03, 95%CI=1.26-3.27; for subscapular skinfold: OR=2.14, 95%CI=1.32-3.46; for suprailiac skinfold: OR=2.05, 95%CI=1.26-3.31). Body fat content and total fat weight were also the risk factor of early puberty in girls (for body fat content: OR=1.88, 95%CI=1.17-3.02; for total fat weight: OR=2.08, 95%CI=1.31-3.32). For boys, only high subscapular skinfold increased the risk of early puberty(OR=1.90, 95%CI=1.16-3.10).@*Conclusion@#Body fat content and body fat distribution were positive associated with early puberty in children and adolescents, and there are significant gender differences.

Comparison of the efficacy of imatinib and dasatinib for treatment of newly diagnosed chronic my-elogenous leukemia chronic phase patients / 新乡医学院学报

Objective To explore the efficacy of imatinib and dasatinib for treatment of newly diagnosed chronic my-elogenous leukemia chronic phase(CML-CP)patients. Methods Forty patients with CML-CP were selected in the Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from January 2010 to June 2016. The patients were divided into imatinib group(n = 22)and dasatinib group(n = 18)according to the treatment method. The patients in imatinib group received ima-tinib orally for 1 year;the patients in dasatinib group received dasatinib orally for 1 year. The treatment response and curative effect of patients in the two groups were evaluated at 3,6 months after treatment;the aderverse reactions of patients in the two groups were evaluated at 12 months after treatment. Results The rate of optimal cytogenetic response of patients in imatinib group and dasatinib group was 45. 5％(10 / 22),55. 6％(10 / 18)at 3 months after treatment and 36. 4％(8 / 22),38. 9％(7 /18)at 6 months after treatment;the rate of optimal molecular response of patients in imatinib group and dasatinib group was 50. 0％(11 / 22),55. 6％(10 / 18)at 3 months after treatment and 31. 8％(7 / 22),38. 9％(7 / 18)at 6 months after treatment;the rate of failture to achieve a complete cytogenetic responses(CCyR)of patients in imatinib group and dasatinib group was 18. 2％(4 / 22),5. 6％(1 / 18)at 12 months after treatment;the rate of failure to achieve BCR-ABLIS≤1％ of patients in ima-tinib group and dasatinib group was 18. 2％(4 / 22),5. 6％(1 / 18)at 12 months after treatment. The rate of optimal cytogenetic response and optimal molecular response of patients in dasatinib group at 3,6 months after treatment were significantly higher than those in the imatinib group(P < 0. 05);the rate of failure to achieve a CCyR and BCR-ABLIS≤1％ of patients in dasat-inib group at 12 months after treatment were significantly lower than those in the imatinib group(P < 0. 05). The mutation rate of BCR-ABL kinase domain of patients in imatinib group and dasatinib group was 13. 6％(3 / 22)and 5. 6％(1 / 18)respective-ly;the mutation rate of BCR-ABL kinase domain of patients in imatinib group was significantly higher than that in the dasatinib group(P < 0. 05). Conclusion Compared with imatinib,dasatinib has better efficacy in treatment of CML-CP patients,and with lower mutation rate of BCR-ABL kinase domain. So,dasatinib is suitable for clinical use.

Isolation and characterization of a novel endo-beta-1, 4-glucanase from a metagenomic library of the black-goat rumen

ABSTRACT The various types of lignocellulosic biomass found in plants comprise the most abundant renewable bioresources on Earth. In this study, the ruminal microbial ecosystem of black goats was explored because of their strong ability to digest lignocellulosic forage. A metagenomic fosmid library containing 115,200 clones was prepared from the black-goat rumen and screened for a novel cellulolytic enzyme. The KG35 gene, containing a novel glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulase domain, was isolated and functionally characterized. The novel glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulase gene is composed of a 963-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 320 amino acid residues (35.1 kDa). The deduced amino acid sequence showed the highest sequence identity (58%) for sequences from the glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulases. The novel glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulase gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Substrate specificity analysis revealed that this recombinant glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulase functions as an endo-β-1,4-glucanase. The recombinant KG35 endo-β-1,4-glucanase showed optimal activity within the range of 30-50 °C at a pH of 6-7. The thermostability was retained and the pH was stable in the range of 30-50 °C at a pH of 5-7.

Resources and usage status of Tibetan medicinal plant "Bangga" / 中国中药杂志

The study is aimed to clarify the actual original plant, find out the usage status and the resource distribution of the Tibetan medicinal plant "Bangga". By using the way of the literatures survey, interview and investigation, it found out that the actual original plant of the Tibetan medicinal plant "Bangga" were the whole dried plant or the aerial part of Aconitum tanguticum or A. naviculare of Ranunculaceae, among which A. tanguticummainly distributed in Sichuan, Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet (Qamdo), and A. naviculare mainly distributed in Tibet. Sichuan, Gansu, Qinghai and other Tibetan areas mainly used the resources of A. tanguticum, Tibet (except the Qamdo area) mainly uses the A. naviculare, which resource was imminent in danger. Other species described in the literature were not used. It showed that the use of herbs related to their resources, it is recommended to strengthen the protection and guide the market.

Association between ambient temperature and lower urinary tract symptoms: a community-based survey

ABSTRACT Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the individual change of International prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) in each patient by temperature conditions. Materials and Methods The severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) was explored using the IPSS and OABSS questionnaires that were completed by 2.486 subjects (923 males and 1.563 females) aged 60 years and older. Korea Meteorological Administration data was used to determine daily average temperature and daily temperature difference on the interview dates at each site. Results The mean IPSS and mean age for males was 13.45±8.24 and 75.03±6.20 years, respectively. The mean OABSS and mean age for females was 4.41±3.10 and 73.74±6.03years, respectively. Daily average temperature and daily temperature difference ranged from-3.4-28.3oC and 2.2-16.9oC, respectively. Age was a significantly risk factor for IPSS, OABSS, and QoL (P<0.001, <0.001, and 0.005, respectively). After multiple regression analysis, daily average temperatures did not show a statistically significant change in IPSS and OABSS. Only daily temperature differences were associated with male LUTS. Conclusions While LUTS could be worsened in low temperatures generally, IPSS and OABSS were not affected by daily average temperature conditions. Daily temperature differences may be more influential than daily average temperatures.

Methotrexate in type 1 diabetes mellitus:advances research / 军事医学

Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM),also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is classified as an autoimmune disease.Academia currently define it as one of the important autoimmune diseases(IAIDs).The most significant pathophysiological characteristics of T1DM are the pathological humoral and cellular autoimmune response which results in damage to pancreaticβ-cell and absolute reduction insulin.Thus, the mainstream traditional therapy for T1DM has been to chronically replenish insulin or substitutes.Nevertheless, this approach may generate a number of side effects, especially hypoglycemia reaction, hypoglycemic coma and insulin resistance.In recent years, the clinical use of methotrex-ate(MTX) as an immunity inhibitor or regulator aiming at pathogenesis of T1DM has received increasing attention and will become another significant case where an old drug is used for new purposes.The advances in research on MTX in T1DM are discussed in this paper.

Studies on main interspecific association of rare and endangered medicinal plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum community in Kangding Zheduo mountain of Sichuan province / 中国中药杂志

Based on the 2 x 2 contingency table, by using multi-species relevance (variance ratio, VR), chi2-test, Ochiai index, Dice index, Jaccard index, t-test of v/x and F-test of Morisita, s index, the interspecific relationships and the spatial distribution pattern between 20 dominants in Kangding Zheduo Mountain of Sichuan province were studied. The results indicated that the interspecific association between dominants of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum community in this area did not show significant association, which suggested that the S. hexandrum community was in mature stage, and showed stronger independency, among total 190 pairs in 20 dominant species, 2 species pairs exhibited extremely significantly positive association, 12 species pairs showed significantly positive association, 6 species pairs exhibited significantly negative association and there were no pairs showed extremely significantly negative association. S. hexandrum in community did not show significant association, which indicates they are independent in community, the spatial distribution pattern of S. hexandrum is characterized by random distribution.

Effects of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on patients with arrhythmia complicated by sleep apnea syndrome / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical efficacy of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in treatment of patients with arrhythmia complicated by sleep apnea syndrome (SAS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and thirty-five arrhythmia patients with polysomnography diagnosed SAS were randomly divided into NPPV group (69 cases) and control group (66 cases), the NPPV group was treated with standard medications and NPPV, and the control group was treated with standard medications. SAS related parameters were compared between the groups after 3 months therapy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) score, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and arousal index were significantly lower (8.25 ± 5.41 vs.4.08 ± 3.43, 39.95 ± 7.32 vs. 4.71 ± 1.80 and 39.69 ± 4.40 vs. 15.20 ± 2.05, P < 0.01) while not rapid eye movement (NREM) III and rapid eye movement stage of sleep time and lowest pulse oxygen saturation (LSaO2) were significantly higher in NPPV group than in control group [(4.53 ± 2.10)% vs. (16.78 ± 2.59)%,(8.37 ± 1.380)% vs. (15.25 ± 1.41)%, (77.15 ± 6.72)% vs. (93.35 ± 2.03)%, P < 0.01] after 3 months therapy. (2) Incidence of Sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, sinus arrest, atrial premature beats, ventricular premature beats, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, II-III degree atrioventricular block, ST-T segment changes were reduced from 57.4%, 44.4%, 7.4%, 20.4%, 13.0%, 36.5%, 12.0%, 8.3%, 37.0%, 53.7% to 4.6%, 1.9%,0.0%, 3.7%, 2.8%, 7.0%, 0.9%, 0.0%, 1.9%, 4.6% (all P < 0.05) and the total number of arrhythmias happened at night were significantly lower (all P < 0.05) while the heart rate variability (HRV) were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in NPPV group than in control group; AHI was positively while LSaO2 was negatively correlated with the total night arrhythmia number (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation is an effective therapy strategy for treating patients with arrhythmia complicated by sleep apnea syndrome.</p>

Analysis of perioperative cardiovascular events and related risk factors in patients undergoing intraperitoneal surgery / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate incidence of perioperative cardiovascular events, to analyze related risk factors for the patients undergoing intraperitoneal surgery.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data of 1079 patients who underwent intraperitoneal surgery (exclude laparoscope surgery) from July 2007 to June 2008 was reviewed and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>For the patients undergoing intraperitoneal surgery, the incidence of major cardiovascular events was 3.99% (43/1079), all-cause mortality was 1.58% (17/1079). The independent risk factors of major cardiovascular events were age ≥ 60 years, history of coronary heart disease, cardiac insufficiency, arrhythmia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/(min·1.73 m(2)), emergency surgery and duration of surgery > 2.82 h (OR = 2.68 to 5.19, P = 0.001 to 0.031).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The cardiac risk of intraperitoneal surgery is 3.99%. The risk of cardiac complications should be evaluated in elderly patients and those with ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and renal disease, more specifically, when emergent or long duration major surgeries are needed.</p>

Genetic diversity and genetic structure of endangered wild Sinopodophyllum emodi by start codon targeted polymorphism / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Revealed the genetic diversity level and genetic structure characteristics in Sinopodophyllum emodi, a rare and endangered species in China.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>We detected the genetic polymorphism within and among six wild populations (45 individuals) by the approach of Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) Polymorphism. The associated genetic parameters were calculated by POP-GENE1.31 and the relationship was constructed based on UPGMA method.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>A total of 350 bands were scored by 27 primers and 284 bands of them were polymorphic. The average polymorphic bands of each primer were 10.52. At species level, there was a high level of genetic diversity among six populations (PPB = 79.27%, N(e) = 1.332 7, H = 0.210 9 and H(sp) = 0.328 6). At population level, the genetic diversity level was low (PPB = 10.48% (4.00% -23.71%), N(e) = 1.048 7 (1.020 7-1.103 7), H = 0.029 7 (0.012 9-0.063 1), H(pop) = 0.046 2 (0.019 9-0.098 6). The Nei's coefficient of genetic differentiation was 0.841 1, which was consistent with the Shannon's coefficient of genetic differentiation (0.849 4). Two calculated methods all showed that most of the genetic variation existed among populations. The gene flow (N(m) = 0.094 4) was less among populations, indicating that the degree of genetic differentiation was higher. Genetic similarity coefficient were changed from 0.570 8 to 0.978 7. By clustering analysis, the tested populations were divided into two classes and had a tendency that the same geographical origin or material of similar habitats clustered into one group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The genetic diversity of samples of S. emodi is high,which laid a certain foundation for effective protection and improvement of germplasm resources.</p>

Determination and quality assessment of 10 ingredients gentiopicroside and sweroside and so on in Tibetan medicine Jia Di (Swertia chirayita) / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a method for determination of 10 ingredients such as gentiopicroside, sweroside, and mangiferin in India swertia, and settle the index components and their limits.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>By Welch materials AQ-C18 column, determination was conducted by the gradient elution with methanol and 0.4% formic acid as mobile phase, with column temperature 30 degrees C, flow rate at 1.0 mL x min(-1), and 254 nm as the detection wavelength.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The linear relatives of 10 ingredients were good. The method showed the high precision and good reproducibility, and recovery rates were between 97% and 103%. The ingredients of market com-modities varied greatly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This method is simple, sensitive, reproducible, and applicable to the determination of the main ingredients in India Swertia. Sweroside and mango glycosides were suggested as the index components for determination in Jia Di (Swertia chirayita), and their content limits are not less than 0.1%, 0.3%, respectively.</p>

Analysis of urine cadmium and blood cadmium of workers before and after the cadmium dust control / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the urinary cadmium, blood cadmium and urinary beta2-MG of workers in a zinc powder processing plant before and after the cadmium dust control, and to explore the effects of dust control on the prevention and treatment of cadmium hazards.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The on-site occupational hazard survey was used to investigate the changes of urine cadmium, blood cadmium and beta3-MG of 84 workers exposed to cadmium before and after the treatment by self-control analysis for evaluating the effects of dust control measures in a zinc powder processing plant.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After treatment of the cadmium dust, the geometric mean of zinc dust in the workplace significantly decreased from 3.38 mg/m3 to 2.22 mg/m3 (P < 0.01). The geometric mean concentration of blood cadmium [(2.19 +/- 1.19) microg/L] and urine cadmium [(1.96 +/- 0.74) microg/g Cr] before treatment were significantly higher than those of one year [(1.63 +/- 0.83) microg/L] and [(1.25 +/- 0.83) microg/g Cr] and two years [(1.36 +/- 0.95) microg/L] and [(0.94 +/- 0.72) microg/g Cr] after the cadmium dust control (P < 0.01), respectively. The positive correlations analysis between urine cadmium and blood cadmium concentration of one and two years before and after the cadmium dust treatment implied that there was significant difference (r = 0.466, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Dust treatment could reduce the impact of low concentration cadmium on the urine cadmium and blood cadmium concentrations of the workers exposed to cadmium, and effectively prevent the cadmium poisoning.</p>

Effects of Combined Antiplatelets on Bleeding in Off-Pump Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery / 영남의대학술지

BACKGROUND: Antiplatelet agent administration is critical in managing coronary-artery disease, but there is a concern regarding operation-related bleeding and an increase in blood transfusion in such, especially when delivering combined antiplatelet agents. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the administration of antiplatelet agents on off-pump coronary-artery bypass surgery (OPCAB). METHODS: From March 2003 to December 2009, 49 patients who had undergone OPCAB were collected retrospectively. The patients were divided into three groups according to the administration of antiplatelet agents before the OPCAB operation: 21 patients were given an aspirin agent (group 1), 19 patients were given combined agents (aspirin+clopidogrel) (group 2), and nine patients were not given any antiplatelet agent (group 3). The three groups' perioperative hematologic and coagulation profiles, including their platelet counts, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, prothrombin times, and aPTTs (activated partial thromboplastin times), and their postoperative bleeding, related complications, transfusion requirements, and operation times, were compared. RESULTS: The operation time in group 2 was 4.3 hours, longer than those in the two other groups, and urgent operation was significantly most frequent in group 2 (63%). The amount of blood loss and the number of patients who received blood transfusion were not different in the three groups. The perioperative hemoglobin level, hematocrit, platelet count, prothrombin time, and aPTT were also not significantly different among the three groups. CONCLUSION: The continuous administration of antiplatelet agents to the patients in this study did not increase their postoperative bleeding or operation-related complications. Therefore, OPCAB may well be considered even if combined antiplatelet agents are being administered.

In vivo interleukin-10 gene transfer down-regulates myocardial matrix metalloproteinase and myocardial collagen expressions in rats with acute myocardial infarction / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>We investigated the in vivo effects of recombinant adenovirus-associated virus type-2 (AAV-2) mediated interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene transfer on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, 9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, collagen type I and type III in a rat acute myocardial infarction model.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups (each n = 6): sham operation group, MI/AAV2 group, and MI/AAV2-IL-10 group (10(10) vg/ml x 0.1 ml injection at peri-infarct regions immediately post MI). Five days later, the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured by RT-PCR, Western blot and zymography. The expression of TIMP-1 was measured by RT-PCR and Western blot. Collagen type I and type III were assessed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical stain.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The myocardial expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9 and collagen contents in MI/AAV2 group were significantly increased than those in sham operation group. Myocardial expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9 were significantly decreased and the expression of TIMP-1 significantly increased in the MI/AAV2-IL-10 group than those in MI/AAV2 group. Moreover, the expressions of collagen type I, collagen type III and the ratio of I/III collagen in border zones of infarcted myocardium were decreased by 47.6% (P < 0.01), 23.6% (P < 0.05), and 17.9% (P < 0.05) respectively, while the expression of TIMP-1 increased by 73.1%(P < 0.05) in MI/AAV2-IL-10 group compared to MI/AAV2 group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In vivo myocardial IL-10 transfer reduced myocardial MMP and collagen expression and increasing the TIMP expression.</p>

Study on methods of dynamic monitoring of traditional Chinese medicine resources / 中国中药杂志

The dynamic monitoring to concrete species is the basis of dynamic monitoring to entire traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) resources. In this paper, the method for the dynamic monitoring to resources species of TCM is discussed. By analysis of the factors, which affect resources species dynamically, methods are suggested to monitor factors, forecast trend of dynamic and appraise recruitment capability by analysis of population's age structure and size structure. The methods for collecting and analysis relative data are also recommended.

Study on genetic relationship of official Rheum by SRAP / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the genetic relationship of three species of official Rheum in molecular level.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Twelve samples from three species of official Rheum were employed to be analyzed by the approach of sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP). Systematic relationships were constructed based on the UPGMA method by TREECONW software.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>A total of 272 bands were scored and 199 bands of them were polymorphic, which were up to 73.2% polymorphic ratio. Genetic similarity coefficient was changed from 0.578 4 to 0.941 6. The results indicated that there was abundant genetic diversity among the tested materials. The clustering analysis revealed that the results between SRAP marker and the traditional morphological characteristics was almost the same.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SRAP marker is suitable for variety identification and genetic relationship research in official Rheum.</p>

The Association among Exposure of Bisphenol A, Genetic Polymorphism of Metabolic Enzyme and Urinary Metabolite / 대한산업의학회지

OBJECTIVES: To examine bisphenol A (BPA) exposure with subjects in the manufacturing industry and to determine its correlation with metabolites according to genetic polymorphism of metabolic enzymes. METHODS: The study subjects comprised 104 workers in the manufacturing industry, 64 and 40 in the exposed and control groups, respectively. The questionnaire variablesincluded age, use of protective equipment, smoking habit and alcohol intake. Their urine samples were collected in the afternoon and urinary BPA concentration was measured by revising with the urinary creatinine concentration. The genetic polymorphism of the metabolic enzymes was examined by using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) after extracting DNA from leucocytes. RESULTS: The minimum and maximum BPA level of the exposed group during working time was 34.22 and 221.20 ng/mg, respectively. The urinary BPA concentration was significantly higher in the exposed groups than in the control group. There was no significant difference in the urinary BPA level according to genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1 and CYP2E1, but UGT1A6 showed a significant difference. In multiple regression analysis on the urinary and airborne BPA levels, UGT1A6, use of protective equipments and workplaces were significant variables. CONCLUSIONS: The urinary BPA concentration was affected by the levels to which workers were exposed during their working time and was considered to be metabolized by UGT1A6.

Visualization of the ribosomal DNA (45S rDNA) of Indica rice with FISH on some phases of cell cycle and extended DNA fibers

The ribosomal DNA (45S rDNA) behaviors during the cell cycle were analyzed on interphase nuclei, prophases, metaphases, pachytene chromosomes and extended DNA fibers in rice (Oryza,sativa ssp.indica cv.Guangluai No.4) by using high-resolution fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The results show that 45S rDNA is located at the ends of short arms of chromosomes 9 and 10. But the signals are much more intense on chromosome 9 than on chromosome 10 in metaphase. Pachytene chromosome has rDNA signal arrays on chromosome 9. Different phases are described and discussed. These results indicate that the activity of rDNA at individual loci may also vary through the cell cycle in rice. on extended DNA fibers, 45S rDNA signals appear as strings of numerous red spots, but some signals are missed in some regions, probably result from weak signals or intergenic spacers